Mouth (oral) cancer surgery

Surgery to remove a cancer in the mouth, along with a margin of healthy tissue and sometimes lymph nodes in the neck, often with reconstruction to rebuild the area and support speech and swallowing.

✓ Medically reviewed by a GMC-registered consultant · last reviewed September 2026 · next review September 2027 · how we review

In short

The aim is to remove the cancer completely with a margin of healthy tissue, and to check the tissue and margins under the microscope.
Lymph nodes in the neck are often removed (a neck dissection) to treat or check for spread, and the gap may be rebuilt with reconstruction.
Surgery can affect speech, swallowing, eating and appearance, so speech and language therapy and rehabilitation are an important part of recovery.
No operation can guarantee a cure; care is guided by a specialist multidisciplinary team, with follow-up and sometimes further treatment such as radiotherapy.

A plain-English summary. The detail — including risks and recovery — is below.

At a glance

TypeHead and neck cancer surgery, planned by a specialist team

AnaestheticGeneral anaesthetic

How long it takesVaries widely, from around an hour to many hours for major reconstruction

Hospital stayUsually several days to a couple of weeks, longer after major reconstruction

Time off workOften several weeks to months, depending on the surgery and any further treatment

When you'll see resultsThe laboratory examines the tissue and margins; full results usually take 1–2 weeks

On the NHS?Routinely treated on the NHS once mouth cancer is diagnosed

A general guide. Your surgeon will give you advice for your situation.

Best fit

Removes the cancer with a margin of healthy tissue to reduce the chance of cancer cells being left behind

Pause if

Surgery to the mouth alone may not be the main treatment if the cancer is very advanced or has spread widely; the team may prioritise other treatments.

Main recovery point

You are watched closely, often in a high-dependency or specialist ward. Any flap, your airway and your pain are monitored. A temporary breathing tube...

Good aftercare

Results given by a named clinician, with the stage and plan explained in plain terms.

First days in hospital

You are watched closely, often in a high-dependency or specialist ward. Any flap, your airway and your pain are...

First 1–2 weeks

Swelling settles and wounds begin to heal. Speech and language therapists and dietitians help with swallowing...

Getting your results

The full report on the margins and any lymph nodes guides the stage and whether further treatment (such as...

Weeks to months

Scars soften and fade, and speech, swallowing and shoulder movement continue to improve with rehabilitation...

Medical line illustration of the mouth, jaw and teeth for Mouth (oral) cancer surgery. — Illustration only - not a diagnosis, medical advice or a promise of result. Your anatomy and treatment plan may differ. Vuemedics does not publish before-and-after photos.

What is mouth (oral) cancer surgery?

Mouth (oral) cancer is a cancer that starts in the lining of the mouth — for example the tongue, the floor of the mouth, the gums, the inside of the cheek, or the roof of the mouth. Surgery is one of the main treatments and is often used alongside, or followed by, radiotherapy or other treatments. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons, often with head and neck and reconstructive teams, carry out this surgery.

The main aim of surgery is to remove the cancer completely, with a margin (border) of healthy-looking tissue all around it, to reduce the chance of cancer cells being left behind. The tissue is examined under the microscope to check the margins and the type and stage of the cancer.

Mouth cancers can spread to lymph nodes in the neck, so the surgeon often removes some or all of the neck nodes on the affected side (a neck dissection), either to treat known spread or to check for hidden spread. When removing the cancer leaves a sizeable gap, reconstruction rebuilds the area — often using tissue, skin or bone taken from elsewhere in the body (a flap) — to restore as much speech, swallowing and appearance as possible.

Surgery removes the cancer that is there, but no operation can promise that cancer will never come back or has not already spread. That is why care is planned and reviewed by a specialist multidisciplinary team, and why follow-up, rehabilitation and sometimes further treatment are an important part of mouth cancer care.

Types & techniques

There isn't one single operation. The right approach depends on you — which is something to discuss with your surgeon.

Removing the cancer (resection) with a margin

The cancer is removed with a border of normal-looking tissue around it, to reduce the chance of cancer cells being left behind. Early, easy-to-reach cancers may be removed through the mouth, leaving no facial scar.

Tongue surgery (glossectomy)

Part of the tongue (partial) or more of it is removed depending on the cancer. Larger removals affect speech and swallowing and usually need reconstruction and rehabilitation.

Jaw or palate surgery

If the cancer involves or is close to bone, part of the jaw (mandibulectomy) or the roof of the mouth (maxillectomy) may be removed, and the area rebuilt or fitted with a special plate (obturator).

Neck dissection

Some or all of the lymph nodes in the neck are removed to treat known spread, or to check for hidden spread when the risk is high. The extent depends on the cancer and the nodes involved.

Reconstruction

Tissue, skin or bone from elsewhere in the body (a flap, often a free flap with its own blood supply) is used to rebuild the area and restore as much function and appearance as possible.

Removing the cancer vs neck dissection

	Removing the cancer	Neck dissection
Purpose	Remove the cancer with a clear margin	Treat or check spread to neck nodes
What it treats	The cancer in the mouth	Lymph nodes in the neck
Who	Almost everyone having surgery	Many people, depending on risk and spread
Affects	Speech, swallowing, appearance	Neck shape, shoulder, sometimes nerves

These are often done in the same operation, sometimes with reconstruction. Your specialist team will explain exactly what is planned for you and why, based on the type, site and stage of your cancer.

Preparing for your surgery

Make sure you understand your diagnosis, the planned operation, and whether a neck dissection and reconstruction are included.
Ask how the surgery may affect your speech, swallowing, eating and appearance, and what rehabilitation will help.
See the wider team you may need — such as a speech and language therapist, dietitian, and dental or restorative specialist — before surgery where possible.
Tell the team about all medicines, especially blood thinners, and any other health problems.
Stop smoking and limit alcohol as much as you can, as both affect healing and outcomes.
Plan for a hospital stay of several days or more, and arrange support for a longer recovery at home.
Ask how and when you will get your results, and who your key contact (such as a clinical nurse specialist) will be.

What happens

Mouth cancer surgery is done under a general anaesthetic, so you are asleep. The length and complexity vary enormously — from removing a small, early cancer through the mouth in around an hour, to a major operation lasting many hours when reconstruction and neck surgery are involved.

The surgeon removes the cancer with a margin of healthy-looking tissue. If a neck dissection is planned, lymph nodes in the neck are removed through a separate cut in the neck. If the gap is large, the team rebuilds the area using tissue, skin or bone from elsewhere in the body (a flap), often with its own blood supply joined to vessels in the neck (a free flap).

For larger operations you may have a temporary breathing tube in the neck (a tracheostomy) to keep the airway safe while there is swelling, and a feeding tube for a time while the mouth heals. All the tissue removed is sent to the laboratory and examined under the microscope. After surgery you are usually cared for in a high-dependency or specialist ward, with the team watching the wound, any flap, your airway and your pain closely.

Is this operation right for me?

A good consultation should explore whether it's the right choice for you now — including reasons to wait or consider something else.

May not be suitable if…

Surgery to the mouth alone may not be the main treatment if the cancer is very advanced or has spread widely; the team may prioritise other treatments.
Some cancers are better treated with radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, alone or combined with surgery, depending on the type, site and stage.
Very frail patients, or those for whom major surgery carries too high a risk, may be offered a less extensive operation or other treatment after discussion.
Surgery should follow a confirmed diagnosis and staging, planned by a multidisciplinary team, not be rushed without these.

Delay surgery if…

There is active infection or another problem that must be treated before major surgery.
Important results (such as scans, biopsy or staging) are still awaited and would change the plan.
Blood-thinning medicine or other health problems need optimising before major surgery.
You need time and support to understand the operation, its effects and the alternatives before consenting.
Practical support for a long recovery, including help at home, is not yet in place — though cancer surgery is rarely delayed long.

Alternatives to discuss

Radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy instead of, or in addition to, surgery, depending on the cancer.
Different extents of surgery, balancing clearing the cancer against effects on speech, swallowing and appearance.
Clinical trials, which may be available for some mouth cancers.
Best supportive care, with symptom control, where treatment to cure is not appropriate.
A head and neck multidisciplinary team should guide the overall plan and the choice between options.

Before you decide

Use this as a shared-decision checklist. The aim is not just “can this be done?”, but whether it is right for you, now, with the risks and alternatives clearly understood.

What matters most to me?

Think about symptoms, daily life, work, caring responsibilities, sport, fertility, travel, appearance and anxiety — the right choice depends on your priorities, not just the medical facts.

What are all my options?

Ask about waiting, monitoring, medicines, rehabilitation, a smaller or larger procedure, a different test, NHS referral, or a second opinion where that would help.

What would make me pause?

Active infection, pregnancy, unstable medical problems, smoking, medicines that increase bleeding, poor support at home, or feeling pressured are all reasons to slow down and get tailored advice.

What happens if I do nothing today?

For some problems, waiting is safe; for others, delay can make treatment harder. A good consultation should explain the trade-off in plain English.

Anaesthetic choices

The safest option depends on the operation, your health, the facility and your surgeon/anaesthetist. Ask what is planned and why.

General anaesthetic

Mouth cancer surgery is done under a general anaesthetic; major operations also involve high-dependency or intensive care afterwards.

Benefits

Removes the cancer with a margin of healthy tissue to reduce the chance of cancer cells being left behind
Allows the tissue and margins to be examined under the microscope to confirm the type and stage
Treats or checks for spread to lymph nodes in the neck
Reconstruction can rebuild the area and help restore speech, swallowing and appearance
Provides key information that the specialist team uses to plan any further treatment and follow-up

Risks & complications

More common

Pain, swelling and bruising of the mouth, face and neck after surgery
Changes to speech, chewing and swallowing, which may need rehabilitation
Numbness of parts of the face, neck, lip or tongue
Scars on the neck, and at any site where tissue was taken for a flap
A sore mouth and the need for a feeding tube for a time after larger surgery

Less common

Wound or chest infection needing antibiotics
Bleeding or a blood collection needing further attention
A flap that partly or, rarely, fully fails and needs a return to theatre
A leak between the mouth and skin (a fistula) that needs time and care to heal
Shoulder stiffness or weakness, and a stiff neck, after neck dissection

Rare but serious

A blood clot in the leg or lung (DVT or pulmonary embolism)
A leak of lymph fluid in the neck (chyle leak) after neck dissection
Permanent weakness if a nerve, such as the nerve to the shoulder, is removed or damaged
Lasting major changes to speech, swallowing or appearance after extensive surgery
The cancer returning at the site, in the neck, or elsewhere despite surgery
Serious problems related to the general anaesthetic or major surgery

The biggest uncertainty with any cancer is not the wound itself but whether it has spread or will return, which surgery alone cannot rule out. For mouth cancer, the trade-off is between removing enough tissue to clear the cancer and the effect that has on speech, swallowing, eating and appearance. Ask your team how this operation is likely to affect your speech and swallowing, whether you will need a temporary breathing or feeding tube, what reconstruction is planned, and what a positive margin or affected lymph node would change. Your case should be discussed by a head and neck multidisciplinary team.

Published figures to discuss

Outcomes after mouth cancer surgery depend mainly on the type, site and stage of the cancer and the margins achieved, not on the operation alone. Margins, the need for a neck dissection, and any further treatment follow national guidance and the multidisciplinary team's assessment. Recurrence and survival figures are population averages that cannot predict an individual's outcome, and complication rates vary widely with how extensive the surgery is. For these reasons, cautious and largely qualitative wording is used here rather than invented percentages.

Figure	Reported range	How to interpret it	Source / confidence
Clear surgical margins	The aim is to remove the cancer with a clear margin of healthy tissue, confirmed by the laboratory	A close or involved margin may lead to further surgery or other treatment, decided by the team.	Guide sourcesClinical context
Free flap failure	Uncommon in experienced centres; many modern series report flap success around 95–99%	A failing flap may mean an urgent return to theatre; this is why flaps are monitored closely.	Free-flap reconstruction in recurrent head and neck cancer — PMCpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPublished figure
Effects on speech and swallowing	Vary widely from minimal to major, depending on site, size, reconstruction and radiotherapy	Speech and language therapy and rehabilitation aim to recover as much function as possible.	Guide sourcesClinical context
Shoulder weakness after neck dissection	Often temporary after selective dissection; permanent if the nerve to the shoulder must be removed	Physiotherapy helps; the risk depends on the type of neck dissection needed.	Free-flap reconstruction in recurrent head and neck cancer — PMCpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govSource-linked context
Cancer returning despite surgery	Depends on type, site, stage, nodal disease and margins; population percentages should not be used as personal predictions	Surgery cannot guarantee cure, which is why follow-up and sometimes further treatment matter.	Guide sourcesClinical context

These are literature figures, not a personalised prediction. Your own risks and likely benefits depend on your circumstances, your health, and how your care is carried out and followed up.

Recovery — what to expect, and when

Recovery from mouth cancer surgery varies widely — a small, early cancer may heal in a couple of weeks, while major surgery with reconstruction and neck dissection needs weeks to months, with rehabilitation for speech and swallowing along the way.

First days in hospital

You are watched closely, often in a high-dependency or specialist ward. Any flap, your airway and your pain are monitored. A temporary breathing tube (tracheostomy) or feeding tube may be in place while there is swelling.

First 1–2 weeks

Swelling settles and wounds begin to heal. Speech and language therapists and dietitians help with swallowing, eating and communication. Any temporary tubes are removed when it is safe. The laboratory result on the tissue and margins is usually ready.

Getting your results

The full report on the margins and any lymph nodes guides the stage and whether further treatment (such as radiotherapy) is recommended. The specialist team discusses this with you.

Weeks to months

Scars soften and fade, and speech, swallowing and shoulder movement continue to improve with rehabilitation. Further treatment, if advised, is usually planned over this period. Recovery can be gradual and varies a lot between people.

What's normal — and not a worry

A sore, swollen mouth and neck that settle over the first weeks
Changes to speech and swallowing that improve with therapy and time
Numbness of parts of the face, neck, lip or tongue
Tender, firm scars on the neck and at any flap site that soften and fade over months
Tiredness and a gradual, sometimes lengthy, return to eating and normal activity

Aftercare

Follow your wound, mouth and (if used) tracheostomy or feeding-tube care instructions carefully.
Work with the speech and language therapist and dietitian on swallowing, eating and communication.
Take painkillers as advised and any other medicines exactly as prescribed.
Keep the mouth clean as instructed to reduce the risk of infection.
Do the shoulder and neck exercises advised after a neck dissection.
Protect healing scars from the sun once wounds have closed.
Avoid smoking and limit alcohol, as both harm healing and raise the risk of further cancer.
Keep all follow-up appointments and know who to contact (such as your clinical nurse specialist) for problems.

Before-surgery checklist

Diagnosis, planned operation and reconstruction understood
Speech and language therapist and dietitian involved before surgery where possible
Support arranged for a longer recovery at home
A key contact (such as a clinical nurse specialist) identified
Smoking stopped and alcohol limited before surgery
Questions noted about speech, swallowing, tubes and further treatment
Follow-up and results appointments understood

Scars and how they heal

Surgery through the mouth alone leaves no scar on the face. Larger operations leave scars on the neck (from a neck dissection or to reach the cancer) and at any site where tissue, skin or bone was taken for a flap — for example the wrist, forearm, thigh or lower leg. Scars are red and firm at first and usually soften and fade over months. After a neck dissection the neck may look slimmer or sunken on that side. Your surgeon should explain the cuts and scars planned for your operation.

⚠ Get urgent help if…

Difficulty breathing, or your airway feeling blocked — call 999 or seek emergency help immediately
Heavy bleeding from the mouth or neck wound
A flap turning dark, dusky or very pale, or a sudden change in a healing area (especially in the first days)
Spreading redness, heat, swelling or pus at a wound, or a high temperature (possible infection)
A persistent leak of saliva or fluid from a neck wound (possible fistula)
A swollen, hot, painful calf, or chest pain or breathlessness (possible clot)
A new lump, ulcer or change at the site, in the neck, or elsewhere

Who to contact: your surgeon or clinic first (keep their number to hand). For urgent advice when you can't reach them, call NHS 111. In an emergency, call 999.

General guidance — it doesn't replace the specific advice your surgeon gives you.

Results & realistic expectations

A good result means the cancer has been removed with clear margins on the laboratory report, the wounds and any reconstruction heal, and you are supported to recover as much speech and swallowing as possible. The report on the margins and lymph nodes, together with scans, gives the stage and guides whether further treatment such as radiotherapy is recommended.

Surgery removes the cancer that is present and can be very effective, especially for early cancer, but no operation can promise that cancer will never come back or has not already spread. This is why care is planned by a head and neck multidisciplinary team, and why follow-up, rehabilitation and sometimes further treatment all matter. A good team is honest about what surgery can and cannot achieve for you.

How long it lasts

Removing a mouth cancer with clear margins reduces the chance of it returning at that site, but mouth cancer can still come back locally, in the neck, or elsewhere, sometimes after treatment. The risk depends mainly on the type, site and stage of the cancer and the margins achieved. Because anyone who has had a mouth cancer is at higher risk of another, stopping smoking, limiting alcohol, good dental care and the follow-up your team arranges are all important. Speech, swallowing and appearance may continue to improve with rehabilitation over many months.

Combining with other procedures

Mouth cancer surgery is often combined in one operation with a neck dissection and with reconstruction (such as a free flap). Depending on the stage and the laboratory results, the multidisciplinary team may recommend further treatment after surgery, such as radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, to reduce the risk of the cancer returning. Dental and restorative treatment, and speech and swallowing rehabilitation, are usually planned alongside surgery as part of the whole pathway.

Follow-up & long-term care

You will usually get the full laboratory results within a week or two, at a clinic appointment where the team explains the stage and any further treatment. After that, mouth cancer follow-up involves regular reviews and examinations, often with scans, over several years, because finding any recurrence early matters. You should have a named contact, such as a clinical nurse specialist, ongoing support for speech, swallowing and eating, and clear advice on what changes to report between appointments.

Stop smoking and limit alcohol, which lower the risk of healing problems and further cancer.
Keep up good dental and mouth care, and attend dental reviews as advised.
Continue speech, swallowing and shoulder rehabilitation as recommended.
Attend all scheduled follow-up appointments and scans.
Report any new lump, ulcer, pain, or change in speech or swallowing promptly.

Revision and secondary surgery reality

If the laboratory finds cancer at or near the margin, further surgery or other treatment is often needed.
Affected lymph nodes or higher-risk features may lead to further surgery, radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy.
A flap or wound that does not heal well, or a fistula, may need further procedures and time.
Speech, swallowing and appearance may need ongoing rehabilitation and, sometimes, further reconstructive surgery.

Ask your surgeon for their own revision rate, what counts as a revision, and what is included in the written aftercare policy.

What good aftercare looks like

Results given by a named clinician, with the stage and plan explained in plain terms.
A defined follow-up plan, including regular reviews and scans appropriate to the cancer.
Speech and language therapy, dietetic support and rehabilitation for speech, swallowing and the shoulder.
A named contact, such as a clinical nurse specialist, and clear advice on what to report.
Support to stop smoking and limit alcohol, and access to the specialist team throughout.

What affects the cost

Costs vary a great deal between people and providers, and we don't publish prices. What matters is understanding what drives the cost and making sure your quote is complete. The main things that affect it:

The type, site, size and stage of the cancer and how extensive the surgery is
Whether a neck dissection is included and how extensive it is
Whether reconstruction (such as a free flap) is needed
The general anaesthetic, theatre time, high-dependency care and length of stay
Laboratory (histopathology) fees and scans for diagnosis and staging
Speech and language therapy, dietetics, dental/restorative work and rehabilitation
Follow-up appointments and any further treatment such as radiotherapy guided by the stage

Make sure your written quote includes

The surgeon's fee and exactly what operation it covers
Whether neck dissection and reconstruction are included or charged separately
The general anaesthetic, theatre, high-dependency care and expected length of stay
Laboratory (histology) fees and any scans for staging
Speech and language therapy, dietetics and rehabilitation costs
Follow-up appointments and surveillance arrangements
What happens, and what it costs, if further surgery or treatment such as radiotherapy is recommended

On the NHS? Mouth cancer is routinely treated on the NHS once diagnosed, with care guided by NICE and a specialist multidisciplinary team; private care may be used for speed or choice but should follow the same approach.

You're entitled to your total cost in writing — including aftercare and any revision — before you decide.

Choosing a surgeon safely

Check your surgeon is on the GMC Specialist Register for this area.
Make sure they practise at a CQC-registered location, and look for membership of bodies like BAAPS or BAPRAS.
You're entitled to a two-stage consent process with time to reflect (a cooling-off period). The surgeon who will operate must consent you — not a salesperson.
Be wary of pressure: time-limited offers, discounts or deposits taken before you've had time to think are red flags, not bargains.
You're entitled to your total cost in writing — including aftercare and any revision — before you decide.

How Vuemedics verifies every consultant →

Questions to ask your medical professional

Take this to your consultation. A good surgeon will welcome every one of these.

What type, site and stage is my cancer, and what exactly does the operation involve?
How is this likely to affect my speech, swallowing, eating and appearance?
Will I need a neck dissection, reconstruction, or a temporary breathing or feeding tube?
What would a positive margin or an affected lymph node change for me?
Will my case be discussed by a head and neck multidisciplinary team, and might I need radiotherapy?
Who is my key contact, and what rehabilitation and follow-up will I have?
Are you on the GMC Specialist Register for this area, and which Royal College or professional body are you a member of?
Will you be the surgeon who carries out my operation, and who looks after me afterwards?
What are the risks for someone like me, and how often do your own patients have a problem or need it repeated or redone?
What does a realistic result look like — and what can this operation not achieve?
What are my options, including waiting, doing nothing for now, or choosing a different approach?
Can I have written information, results and aftercare instructions in a format I can use, including any accessibility or communication support I need?
What is the total cost in writing, including any follow-ups, and how much time do I have to decide?

Frequently asked questions

Does surgery cure mouth cancer?

Surgery to remove the cancer with clear margins is a main treatment and can be very effective, especially for early cancer. But no operation can guarantee the cancer will never come back or has not already spread, which is why follow-up and sometimes further treatment matter. Your care is guided by a specialist team.

Will surgery affect my speech and swallowing?

It can, depending on where the cancer is and how much is removed. Small, early cancers may have little effect. Larger surgery, especially to the tongue, can change speech and swallowing, which is why speech and language therapists and dietitians are an important part of your team.

Why do I need surgery on my neck if the cancer is in my mouth?

Mouth cancers can spread to lymph nodes in the neck. A neck dissection removes some or all of those nodes either to treat known spread or to check for hidden spread when the risk is high. It also helps with staging and planning.

What is reconstruction and will I need it?

If removing the cancer leaves a sizeable gap, reconstruction rebuilds the area using tissue, skin or bone from elsewhere in the body (a flap). It aims to restore as much speech, swallowing and appearance as possible. Whether you need it depends on the size and site of the cancer.

Will I have a breathing or feeding tube?

After larger operations you may have a temporary breathing tube in the neck (tracheostomy) to keep the airway safe while there is swelling, and a feeding tube for a time while the mouth heals. These are usually temporary, and your team will explain what to expect.

Can I have this on the NHS?

Yes — mouth cancer is routinely treated on the NHS once diagnosed, with care guided by national guidelines and a specialist multidisciplinary team. Some people use private care for speed or choice, but the treatment approach should be the same.

Find a verified surgeon for mouth (oral) cancer surgery

Every consultant is GMC-checked and independently reviewed. Search by postcode and distance, or switch to a map. Ordered by rating, relevance and recency — never by who pays.

No verified consultants list this procedure yet — browse the full directory.

See all surgeons for mouth (oral) cancer surgery →

How we made this page

Medically reviewed by a GMC-registered consultant. Written in plain English, checked against NHS, NICE, GMC and relevant Royal College / specialist-society guidance, and kept under review. No clinic paid to appear on this page, and we publish no pricing. This is general information to help you prepare — it is not a substitute for advice from your own clinician. How we review our guides →

Source hierarchy: UK regulator and NHS/NICE guidance first, then relevant Royal College or specialist-society guidance, then peer-reviewed evidence for procedure-specific figures where available.

Sources & standards: NHS — Mouth cancer NICE NG36 — Cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract: assessment and management Cancer Research UK — Surgery for mouth and oropharyngeal cancer Cancer Research UK — Problems after mouth and oropharyngeal cancer surgery Mouth Cancer Foundation — patient information Macmillan Cancer Support — Treatment for mouth cancer Free-flap reconstruction in recurrent head and neck cancer — PMC Reconstructive flap surgery in head and neck cancer patients — Frontiers in Oncology

Reviews reflect patients' experience of care, not clinical outcomes. For procedure volumes and outcome data see PHIN.

Last medically reviewed 2026-09-21. Spotted something wrong or out of date? Report an error in this guide.